What type of radiation includes emissions from the sun and other celestial bodies?

The correct answer is background radiation. This type of radiation encompasses a variety of electromagnetic waves and particles emitted from both natural and artificial sources, including cosmic rays from the sun and other celestial bodies. Background radiation is present in the environment at all times and originates from cosmic sources, such as stars and galaxies, as well as from radioactive materials found in the Earth's crust.

Thermal radiation specifically refers to the electromagnetic radiation emitted by all objects as a result of their temperature, which is not the same as the cosmic emissions described in the question. Alpha radiation and beta radiation are specific types of particle radiation produced by radioactive decay in unstable atomic nuclei and are not associated with emissions from celestial bodies. These forms of radiation are largely terrestrial and differ fundamentally from the broader, more encompassing category of background radiation that includes cosmic contributions.