What is the process called when charge is transferred without contact between materials?

The process of transferring charge without direct contact between materials is known as induction. In induction, a charged object is brought near to a neutral conductor, causing a rearrangement of charges within that conductor. For example, the presence of the charged object induces an opposite charge on the side of the conductor closest to it while repelling like charges to the opposite side. This rearrangement occurs without any physical contact and results in polarization within the conductor.

This method is fundamental in various applications, including how insulators are charged and the operation of some electrical devices. It is important to understand the distinction between induction and other processes like conduction, where charge is transferred through direct contact, and convection and radiation, which pertain to energy transfer mechanisms, not charge transfer.